Esophageal Disorders/Dysphasia

2.4.1 What is a barium swallow and a modified barium swallow? What are the differences and indications for each?

2.4.2 List the types of congenital esophageal/tracheal malformations and their treatments.

2.4.3 What are the indications for endoscopy in the management of an esophageal foreign body? When is it an emergency?

Digoy GP. Diagnosis and management of upper aerodigestive tract foreign bodies. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2008 Jun;41(3):485-96, vii-viii. PMID:18435994

2.4.4 Describe methods for diagnosing GERD and the stages of management in its treatment.

2.4.5 What is Barrett's esophagus and its significance?

2.4.6 What are the surgical and nonsurgical treatments for esophageal hypertonia and dysphagia after total laryngectomy?

2.4.7 Discuss treatment options for cervical esophageal cancer and types of reconstruction if surgery is used.

2.4.8 What are the types of esophageal diverticula and pseudodiverticula? Discuss anatomy and location for each.

2.4.9 What are the treatment options for a Zenker’s diverticulum and the pros and cons of each?

2.4.10 Discuss the phases of swallowing. What diseases can cause problems at each phase?

2.4.11 Tell us about achalasia---diagnosis and treatment.

2.4.12 List and discuss esophageal manifestations of systemic disease.

2.4.13 You are asked to evaluate a patient for suspected aspiration. How are you going to evaluate and why?

Leder SB, Suiter DM, Warner HL, Acton LM, Siegel MD. Safe initiation of oral diets in hospitalized patients based on passing a 3-ounce (90 cc) water swallow challenge protocol. QJM. 2011 Oct 17. [Epub ahead of print] PMID:22006561

2.4.14 What are the advantages and disadvantages of performing fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) and what are its indications?

Leder SB, Murray JT. Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2008 Nov;19(4):787-801, viii-ix. PMID:18940641

2.4.15 How does a tracheotomy affect swallowing? Does everyone agree?

Leder SB, Ross DA. Confirmation of no causal relationship between tracheotomy and aspiration status: a direct replication study. Dysphagia. 2010 Mar;25(1):35-9. Epub 2009 Aug 4. PMID:19653040

2.4.16 Describe the presentation of cricopharyngeal spasm. What are the treatment options for this disorder?